Proper

Abstract

Focusing on the importance of learning strategy (LS) as a means for effective learning, this study aimed to explore LS of middle school freshmen (MSF) in Korea. Based on the previous studies, cognitive strategy (CS), internal motivation (IM), academic stress (AS), study time (ST), time spending for private education (TPE), and the relationships with peers (RP), teachers (RT), and parents (RPS) were adopted as the components of LS. Latent profile analysis using the 3,742 MSF data of the 4th Gyeonggi Education Panel Study revealed five types of the LS profiles: a general type (GT); a helpless type (HT); an environment-adaptive type (EAT); a self-directed type (SDT); and a private education-dependent type (PET). Following test in differences of the profile types in academic achievement (AA), self-esteem (SE), and growth belief (GB), it was found that the PET showed a high AA level with both low levels of SE and GB, which were even lower than that of the EAT showing low AA; The HT revealed low levels of all of AA, SE, and GB, whereas the SDT indicated high levels in all of them.